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Censorship in Hong Kong, which refers to the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues regarding the freedom of speech. By law, censorship is usually practised against the distribution of certain materials, particularly child pornography, obscene images, and reports on court cases which may lead to unfair trial. Prior to the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, Hong Kong boasted one of the highest degrees of press freedom in Asia.〔Lee Chin-Chuan (1997). "Media Structure and Regime Change in Hong Kong", ''The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China''. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 160–161.〕 Since the handover to mainland China, Hong Kong has been granted relative legal, economic, and political autonomy under the one country, two systems policy. In contrast to the rest of China, where control over media is pervasive, Hong Kong's freedom of speech, of the press, and of publication are protected under Article 27 of the Hong Kong Basic Law〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Basic Law Full Text – chapter (3) )〕 and Article 16 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hong Kong Bill of Rights )〕 Observers have noted a trend of increasing threats to press freedom in the territory, including physical attacks on journalists, acts targeted at liberal media and against their owners, withdrawal of advertising revenues, and appointment of compliant pro-Beijing chief editors.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Closing a Vital Window into China )〕 The decline in Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Index published annually by Reporters Without Borders has been vertiginous: it stood at 70th in 2015, having lost nine places compared to 2014; it ranked 18th place in 2002.〔〔〔 ==Censorship after the handover== Despite guarantees of free speech, public surveys in 1997 showed increasing fears of self-censorship by journalists of writings critical of the Central Government,〔Shemwell, Carolyn. pp.1–2〕〔 although a journalists indicated in a survey from the Hong Kong Journalists Association that they overwhelmingly did not hesitate to publish criticisms of China, and that actual instances of direct pressure from the Chinese government to change news were very rare. Since the handover, Hong Kong newspapers (and especially English-language media) have increased their use of a self-declared editorial independence as a marketing tool towards international audiences. In 1998, there was a controversy about remarks made by magazine publisher Xu Simin alleging anti-mainland bias from the government-funded broadcaster RTHK. Although pro-RTHK commentators saw Xu's comments as coming from Beijing, Central Government representatives distanced themselves from his comments.〔 In 2001, the HKJA expressed concerns that government's and Tung Chee-hwa's "shrill rhetoric (vilifying Falun Gong ) threatens open debate by encouraging self-censorship".〔 Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Index published annually by Reporters Without Borders was 18th in 2002.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A new play addresses the growing fear for journalists in Hong Kong )〕 Since then, a number of factors, particularly self-censorship, and high-profile incidents affecting the media have pointed to increasing erosion of journalists' ability to report the news in an objective manner. In 2011, Hong Kong Journalists Association Chairwoman Mak Yin-ting () commented on self-censorship due to growing business ties between Beijing and media owners, asserting that "Now, more than half of Hong Kong media bosses or high media management have been absorbed by the Communist government... They may consider whether reporting on some issues will affect the relationship between their bosses and the government."〔(Hong Kong Media Practicing Self-Censorship: Survey ). New Tang Dynasty Television, 3 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.〕〔Stone, R. (1998). "Control without repression: China's influence on the political economy of Hong Kong press system". ''Asia Pacific Media Educator''. 4, pp. 160–161.〕 That year, Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Index dropped twenty places to 54th place. In a report published alongside the index, it was noted that "arrests, assaults and harassment worsened working conditions for journalists (Hong Kong ) to an extent not seen previously, a sign of a worrying change in government policy."〔"(World Press Freedom Index 2011–2012 )", Reporters Without Borders, 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.〕 Hong Kong's ranking in the index, which stood at 61st in 2014,〔 gave up nine further places in the 2015 report. "Police misconduct" was cited as a factor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Latest World Press Freedom Index shows 'drastic decline'; Singapore ranked at No. 153 )〕 Journalists have complained about sensitive news stories critical of the government that they have been under undisguised pressure to change or soften.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IFJ: Reporters intimidated, media manipulated during protests )〕〔 PEN Center believes that the controversy surrounding CY Leung's dealings with UGL were seriously under-reported in some media outlets.〔 An increasing incidence of physical violence against journalists has been recorded, with the police being implicated in some of these, namely the Hong Kong Journalists Association noted that there were at least 28 attacks on journalists covering the Umbrella Revolution.〔〔 All told, the incidence of censorship, political pressure to self-censor and intimidation is increasing, according to PEN American Center, International Federation of Journalists.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Is Hong Kong's media under attack? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Press freedom in HK under threat: US writers group )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat Report Says )〕〔AFP (27 January 2015). (Hong Kong media 'manipulated': report ). ''China Post''.〕 During the two-and-a-half-month protests in 2014, the patchy coverage of events and viewpoints on traditional media turned young people to social media for news. ''The Guardian'' described the protests as "the best-documented social movement in history, with even its quieter moments generating a maelstrom of status updates, shares and likes."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Hong Kong protests bring crisis of confidence for traditional media )〕 People placed greater reliance on alternative media, some of which were launched during the protests. Even the recently defunct ''House News'' resurrected itself, reformatted as ''The House News Bloggers''..〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hong Kong's 'Alternative' Revolution: Facebook, House News, and Passion Times )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censorship in Hong Kong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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